学术文献库

We consider the kinematical and dynamical evolution of Friedmann universes with a mixture of non-interacting matter and a ghost-like field, in a scenario analogous to that advocated by the Quintom model. Assuming that the conventional matter dominates today, we find that the ghost component can bring the future expansion and the past contraction of the model to a finite halt. Moreover, at the moment the expansion or contraction stops, we find that the tendency of the universe is to bounce back and re-collapse or re-expand. Therefore, the presence of a (never dominant) ghost-field with negative density could, in principle, drive the universe into an eternal cycle of finite expansion, collapse, and re-expansion. Our study outlines the key features of such a scenario and provides a simple condition for it to occur. We also derive an autonomous set of differential equations and then employ dynamical-system techniques to identify two families of fixed points, with and without spatial curvature respectively. The members of the first family correspond to coasting universes and are stable in the Lyapunov sense. Those of the latter family are unstable repellers when their matter satisfies the strong energy condition and Lyapunov stable in the opposite case.