论文标题
重建月亮的后期历史
Reconstructing the late accretion history of the Moon
论文作者
论文摘要
长期以来,人们已经认识到高度铁元素(HSE)对跟踪行星后期积聚的重要性。但是,月球吸收历史的确切性质仍然是神秘的。地球和月球之间的HSE预算有很大的不匹配,地球的收益远远超过月球。已经提出了几种情况来解释这一难题,包括几个大撞击器向地球传递HSE,在动态冷轨道上积聚了卵石大小的物体,从而增强了地球引力焦点因子,以及在〜4.10 Gyr之前具有大量减少冲击力的“锯齿模型”。但是,这些模型中的大多数假定撞击器保留率F(撞击器质量保留在目标上)的较高撞击器。在这里,我们进行了一系列的冲击模拟来量化F值,然后进行了蒙特卡洛手术,制定了单调腐烂的冲击通量,以计算出在其历史上积聚到月球和地幔中的质量。我们发现,月球整个影响病史的平均F值比以前估计的低约3倍。我们的结果表明,为了使Lunar Crust and Mantle的HSE预算与HSE的HSE预算相匹配,HSES的保留应该已经开始〜4.35 Gyr,当时大部分Lunar Magma Ocean都被巩固。在4.35 Gyr之前积聚的质量必须使其HSE失去了月球核心,大概是在月球披风结晶期间。低撞击器保留率和在月球地幔中HSE的较晚保留率的结合为现实的解释提供了与地球相对于地球的明显赤字的明显赤字。
The importance of highly siderophile elements (HSEs) to track planetary late accretion has long been recognized. However, the precise nature of the Moon's accretional history remains enigmatic. There exists a significant mismatch of HSE budgets between the Earth and Moon, with the Earth disproportionally accreted far more HSEs than the Moon did. Several scenarios have been proposed to explain this conundrum, including the delivery of HSEs to Earth by a few big impactors, the accretion of pebble-sized objects on dynamically cold orbits that enhanced the Earth's gravitational focusing factor, and the "sawtooth model" with much reduced impact flux before ~4.10 Gyr. However, most of these models assume a high impactor retention ratio f (fraction of impactor mass retained on the target) for the Moon. Here, we performed a series of impact simulations to quantify the f-value, followed by a Monte Carlo procedure enacting a monotonically decaying impact flux, to compute the mass accreted into lunar crust and mantle over their histories. We found that the average f-value for the Moon's entire impact history is about 3 times lower than previously estimated. Our results indicate that, to match the HSE budget of lunar crust and mantle, the retention of HSEs should have started ~ 4.35 Gyr ago, when most of lunar magma ocean was solidified. Mass accreted prior to 4.35 Gyr must have lost its HSE to the lunar core, presumably during the lunar mantle crystallization. The combination of a low impactor retention ratio and a late retention of HSEs in the lunar mantle provide a realistic explanation for the apparent deficit of Moon's late accreted mass relative to the Earth.